Ok, so I found the issue. I had a JavaScript error. Once I fixed that, the postbacks were working again. Then on another page I had the same issue. Once I clicked a submit button, it would redirect me to the last page. I was using a .net compare validator. Once I set EnableClientScript="False", the postback started working. I guess jQuery Mobile just doens't play very nice with .net web forms.
Does anyone have any ideas on how to disable this redirect to the previous page on postback even though there is a JavaScript error?