I'd guess that Google doesn't allow Chrome extensions to change this attribute.
Can you imagine why?
The jsFiddle works for me in Chrome. So, if the owner of the site wanted to make password visible, they could. (Many sites have the "eye" icon, that lets you toggle password visibility.)
As suggested you can inspect the element and change it. Or you could type a line of Javascript in the console, and that likely will work as well.
I'd suggest instead you just type the password slowly and deliberately, or use a password manager.
Perhaps this is an ineffective means of helping sites enforce their security policy, as there are work-arounds. But users have to go out of their way and have a bit of technical knowledge to do it. Contrast that with being able to just download an extension/plugin that doesn't require any special knowledge!
But I'll bet there is some accessibility option buried deep in Chrome that will allow you to see passwords as they are typed.