the square brackets must be breaking it in some way - perhaps in the JQM parsing. If you need to isolate the [24] perhaps use an underscore chk0_24 or hyphen chk0-24.
I found it worked if I removed the brackets e.g.
<input type="checkbox" name="chk0[24]" id="chk024" class="custom" />
<label for="chk024">Carrots</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="chk0[75]" id="chk075" class="custom" />
<label for="chk075">Eggplant</label>
and for either the underscored or hyphenated id
not sure what <div data-role="collapsible-set"> offers over the inner div <div data-role="collapsible"> as removing it seems to make no difference??
cheers