jQuery Mobile doesn't have anything that will help.
Look into HTML5 database features or using a static site generator. If you use an HTML5 database, you will need to use some sort of run-time templating system, or you will have to write some very ugly Javascript. A static site generator can avoid the need for that. I use Middleman.
With a static site generator, there usually is some means of defining simple data structures - lists, etc. You can loop through data then and apply a template for each list item.
It also may be possible with some static site generators to pull data directly from a database at build time.
For example, Middleman is written in Ruby, so you could install a Ruby database connector, ActiveRecord (or other ORM) and run data you get from the database through templates.
If you aren't using a static site generator to create your webapp or static pages for native app (PhoneGap, in particular) you are probably doing way too much work.
For native apps, I use Rhodes, which has a database, ERB templates, and uses Ruby for business logic. So, this avoids the whole mess of having to generate dynamic content in Javascript in a different way.