Here's a more comprehensive jsPerf. The results actually are similar for both read and write.
The author muddied the waters a bit by also including read/write DOM properties. But data- attributes don't create properties!
It does highlight, though, that if you need to save some data and associate it with a node, the fastest way is to add your own custom property. Setting and accessing properties is MUCH faster than attributes!
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I remember when it might take jQuery Mobile several seconds to enhance a page, particularly if it had a listview! I don't know if JQM has gotten that much better, or the browsers and hardware have gotten that much better. Probably both, as JQM simplified the enhanced markup.
I dealt with it by just not using Listviews. It's easy enough to make your own CSS for a list, and there really wasn't anything else I wanted from the Listview other than a nice appearance.