As Jake points out, this is not a good place to find information on using jQuery, jQuery UI, or jQuery Mobile with Microsoft MVC. Nobody here knows anything about Microsoft MVC, "bundling", app_starter, or "mobile styling queues". You might as well be writing in Klingon. You will need to find an MVC-oriented forum where people will understand what you are talking about.
But there is a very good reason why you are only finding examples "all using older Visual Studio MVC templates". You are unlikely to find much ANYWHERE on using jQuery Mobile with the latest Microsoft MVC, or the "latest" "anything".
jQuery Mobile is a dead/dying project. It's unlikely to receive any updates going forward.
JQM 1.4.5 was released in October, 2014.
JQM 1.5 alpha1 was released Jan 11, 2017. It is unlikely to ever get out of alpha.
If this is a new project, you might want to consider if it is wise to incorporate a dead/dying library.
When you decide to use a library, check it's freshness date first!
P.S. I have been a big fan of jQuery Mobile in the past, and used it in several projects. It's glory is past, though, it is a DEAD PARROT, and I would not use it in a new project today.
If you still insist, we can help you by showing you the HTML you need to create. We can't help you with how to coax Microsoft MVC into creating the HTML. We don't know how.